xxiv

Contents

32.6

Variations in Anaerobic Digestion

496

32.7

Factors Influencing Biogas Production

497

32.7.1

Temperature

497

32.7.2

pH

497

32.7.3

VFA

498

32.7.4

Microbial Consortia in AD

498

32.7.5

Recirculation of Leachate

499

32.7.6

Ammonia

499

32.7.7

Feedstock Composition

500

32.7.7.1

Protein-Rich Substrate

500

32.7.7.2

Lipid-Rich Substrate

500

32.7.7.3

Carbohydrate-Rich Substrate

500

32.7.8

Trace Element Supplementation

500

32.7.9

Environment/Alkalinity

501

32.7.10

Toxicity

501

32.8

Application of Metagenomics

502

32.9

Conclusions and Future Needs

504

List of Abbreviations

504

References

505

Part IX

Green and Sustainable future (Zero Waste and Zero

Emissions)

507

33

Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel,

Biolubricants, and Other Products

509

Murlidhar Meghwal, Harita Desai, Sanchita Baisya, Arpita Das, Sanghmitra

Gade, Rekha Rani, Kalyan Das, and Ravi Kumar Kadeppagari

33.1

Introduction

509

33.2

Treatment

510

33.2.1

Chemical Treatment

510

33.2.2

Microbiological and Biotechnological Treatment

511

33.3

Evaluation of Waste Cooking Oil and Valorized Cooking Oil

511

33.4

Versatile Products as an Outcome of Valorized Waste Cooking Oil

512

33.4.1

Biosurfactants and Liquid Detergents

512

33.4.2

Green Chemical Lubricants

513

33.4.3

Biodiesel Production

513

33.4.4

Microbial Lipids

513

33.4.5

Vitamins and Nutraceuticals

514

33.4.6

Biopolymer Synthesis

514

33.4.7

Polyhydroxyalkanoates

515

33.4.8

Feedstock for Microbial Processes

515

33.4.9

Bioasphalt

516

33.4.10

Bioplasticizers

516

33.4.11

Biosolvent

516